001 - Flood Risk
Geographic Knowledge and Understanding
How urbanization, deforestation and channel modifications affect flood risk within a drainage basin, including its distribution, frequency and magnitude.
Concepts
Physical and human factors exacerbate and mitigate flood risk. Understanding the processes involved and relative power of the human and physical factors facilitates how the risks can be managed.
Aims
To have knowledge and understanding of how urbanization, deforestation and channel modifications affect flood risk within a drainage basin, including its distribution, frequency and magnitude.
Key Terminology
Channel Modification
Weirs
Dredging
Revetments or rip raps
Mitigate
Define the terms above using the useful links below and your 'Freshwater' textbook by Codrington.
Useful Links
Activity One - Why?
The causes of flooding have been debated for some time but why is it an important type of disaster to focus on? North Western Europe is relatively lucky and does not tend to suffer from hurricanes or volcanic eruptions. What we do have to worry about is the increasing frequency of our flood events. Watch the youtube clip below and make notes on the causes and consequences of flooding in Europe in 2021 and England in 2024 due to Storm Henk. Do remember that you can use events currently occurring as long as you have the data to illustrate the impact.
Useful Resource
Flooding in Europe 2021
BBC News
Flooding in England 2024 January 5th
Storm Henk - Channel 4 News
Activity Two - Magnitude and Frequency
As you are now aware hydrographs are critical in aiding Flood Agencies to predict when and where the next major flood event may occur. Generally the stronger the magnitude the lesser the frequency which is why severe floods are often referred to as a 25 or 50 year flood event. This can be illustrated in the graph below.
Spend 2 minutes on the internet gathering headlines of strong magnitude and low frequency flood events.
Describe the graph below.
Read the article in the 'Useful Resource' box and make notes on why the term '100 year floods' is disliked by hydrologists.
Flooding in Nottingham over the years
Photograph Taken by Ellena Mart
Path next to the flood record
Photograph Taken by Ellena Mart
Images Nottingham Post - Trent Bridge and Attenborough Nature Reserve - January 2024
Activity Three - Urbanisation
When we looked at flood hydrographs we began to explore the impact that urban areas had on the increased risk of flooding. Now is the time to formalise that discussion by looking at the flow chart below.
Explain why an increase in urban environments can cause an increase in flooding.
Why is there a need to keep greywater and sewage separate?
There are nine boxes below the image where do they fit into the diagram?
Produce a detailed example of a flood event that was exacerbated by the increase in urbanisation.
How does urbanisation impact the distribution of floods?
How does urbanisation impact the frequency of floods?
How can urbanisation impact the magnitude of floods?
Image Three - Impact of Urbanisation on Flooding - Taken from www.geographyalltheway.com
Activity Four - Deforestation
Whenever something is built it is inevitable that trees will be chopped down to make way for the new building or road. Unfortunately as soon as you deforest an area the interception rates will be reduced, the infiltration rates may decline and this can cause an increased amount of overland flow. To assess the impact that deforestation has on flooding answer the following questions.
How can deforestation make flooding worse?
Read the article in the 'Useful Resources' box and create a detailed examples of how deforestation can impact flood risk.
Find an example of where afforestation has been used as a form of management to reduce the risk of flooding.
How does deforestation impact the distribution of floods?
How does deforestation impact the frequency of floods?
How can deforestation impact the magnitude of floods?
Activity Five - Flood Management
Many believe that flood management is a way to try and stop the issue of flooding but in some instances it can actually make things worse. If schemes are not maintained then there is a chance that dams can be breached and levees can burst. So what can actually be done to try and prevent flooding and how successful are those schemes?
Describe four different ways that a river can be managed.
Create a detailed example of how channel modification has actually made a flood worse.
Create a detailed example of how channel modification has actually made a risk area less problematic.
How does flood management impact the distribution of floods?
How does flood management impact the frequency of floods?
How can flood management impact the magnitude of floods?
Useful Resources
Text Book
Our Planet's Freshwater - Codrington
Exam Style Question
Explain how deforestation impacts the magnitude of flood risk within a drainage basin [3 marks].
This lesson was development in collaboration with Richard Allaway from geographyalltheway. For more resources please visit www.geographyalltheway.com